Bankstown Hospital - Grand Rounds - Further Reading

Welcome to the Grand Rounds Further Reading List, MIcrobiology/AIMS edition, brought to you by the Clinical Library, on Level 4, next to the Auditorium.

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Feb 6, 2023

“THE YEAR IN ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP

Antimicrobial resistance, the incoming tide”

Frei, A., et al. (2023). "Metals to combat antimicrobial resistance." Nature Reviews Chemistry 7(3): 202-224  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-023-00463-4 PDF AT LINK

                Bacteria, similar to most organisms, have a love–hate relationship with metals: a specific metal may be essential for survival yet toxic in certain forms and concentrations. Metal ions have a long history of antimicrobial activity and have received increasing attention in recent years owing to the rise of antimicrobial resistance. The search for antibacterial agents now encompasses metal ions, nanoparticles and metal complexes with antimicrobial activity (‘metalloantibiotics’). Although yet to be advanced to the clinic, metalloantibiotics are a vast and underexplored group of compounds that could lead to a much-needed new class of antibiotics. This Review summarizes recent developments in this growing field, focusing on advances in the development of metalloantibiotics, in particular, those for which the mechanism of action has been investigated. We also provide an overview of alternative uses of metal complexes to combat bacterial infections, including antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and radionuclide diagnosis of bacterial infections.

Magnano San Lio, R., et al. (2023). "How Antimicrobial Resistance Is Linked to Climate Change: An Overview of Two Intertwined Global Challenges." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20(3): 1681  https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/20/3/1681. FULL TEXT AT LINK

Globally, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and climate change (CC) are two of the top health emergencies, and can be considered as two interlinked public health priorities. The complex commonalities between AMR and CC should be deeply investigated in a One Health perspective. Here, we provided an overview of the current knowledge about the relationship between AMR and CC. Overall, the studies included pointed out the need for applying a systemic approach to planetary health. Firstly, CC increasingly brings humans and animals into contact, leading to outbreaks of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases with pandemic potential. Although it is well-established that antimicrobial use in human, animal and environmental sectors is one of the main drivers of AMR, the COVID-19 pandemic is exacerbating the current scenario, by influencing the use of antibiotics, personal protective equipment, and biocides. This also results in higher concentrations of contaminants (e.g., microplastics) in natural water bodies, which cannot be completely removed from wastewater treatment plants, and which could sustain the AMR spread. Our overview underlined the lack of studies on the direct relationship between AMR and CC, and encouraged further research to investigate the multiple aspects involved, and its effect on human health.

Patel, J., et al. (2023). "Measuring the global response to antimicrobial resistance, 2020–21: a systematic governance analysis of 114 countries." The Lancet Infectious Diseases 23(6): 706-718  https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00796-4 FULL TEXT AT LINK

                Background: Understanding strategic commitments and policy responses to overcome antimicrobial resistance at the national, regional, and global levels is required to evaluate current progress and direct future planning. National action plans (NAPs) are the primary mechanism for guiding national strategy and action for antimicrobial resistance governance. Although several NAPs have been developed, no comprehensive content analysis of these plans exists. Using a governance framework, we aimed to assess all publicly available NAPs on antimicrobial resistance.

Salam, M. A., et al. (2023). "Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health." Healthcare 11(13): 1946  https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/11/13/1946 FULL TEXT AT LINK

Antibiotics are among the most important discoveries of the 20th century, having saved millions of lives from infectious diseases. Microbes have developed acquired antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to many drugs due to high selection pressure from increasing use and misuse of antibiotics over the years. The transmission and acquisition of AMR occur primarily via a human–human interface both within and outside of healthcare facilities. A huge number of interdependent factors related to healthcare and agriculture govern the development of AMR through various drug-resistance mechanisms. The emergence and spread of AMR from the unrestricted use of antimicrobials in livestock feed has been a major contributing factor. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria has attained an incongruous level worldwide and threatens global public health as a silent pandemic, necessitating urgent intervention. Therapeutic options of infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are limited, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality with high financial impact. The paucity in discovery and supply of new novel antimicrobials to treat life-threatening infections by resistant pathogens stands in sharp contrast to demand. Immediate interventions to contain AMR include surveillance and monitoring, minimizing over-the-counter antibiotics and antibiotics in food animals, access to quality and affordable medicines, vaccines and diagnostics, and enforcement of legislation. An orchestrated collaborative action within and between multiple national and international organizations is required urgently, otherwise, a postantibiotic era can be a more real possibility than an apocalyptic fantasy for the 21st century. This narrative review highlights on this basis, mechanisms and factors in microbial resistance, and key strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Walsh, T. R., et al. (2023). "Antimicrobial Resistance: Addressing a Global Threat to Humanity." PLOS Medicine 20(7): e1004264  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004264 FULL TEXT AND PDF AT LINK